Ingredient lists can look intimidating, but a handful of names come up again and again. Here's what the most common ones are generally used for, so you can shop with more confidence.
Hydrators
- Hyaluronic acid — draws water into the skin; feels light and works for most skin types. Apply to damp skin.
- Glycerin — a gentle, reliable humectant found in many moisturisers.
- Ceramides — lipids that help support the skin barrier; often recommended for dry or sensitive skin.
Brighteners and balancers
- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and derivatives) — commonly used in the morning for a brighter look. Store away from light and heat.
- Niacinamide (vitamin B3) — a well-tolerated ingredient often used for the appearance of shine, pores and uneven tone.
- Alpha arbutin and tranexamic acid — often found in products aimed at the look of dark spots.
Exfoliants
- AHAs (glycolic, lactic, mandelic acid) — surface exfoliants for smoother-feeling skin. Start slowly.
- BHA (salicylic acid) — oil-soluble, so it's popular for oily and congestion-prone skin.
- Retinol / retinoids — vitamin A derivatives used at night. Introduce gradually and always pair with daily SPF.
Soothers
- Centella asiatica (cica), panthenol (B5), allantoin and oat extract — common in products for sensitive or irritated-feeling skin.
Reading the list
Ingredients are listed in order of concentration, highest first, until about the 1% mark. A hero ingredient near the top of the list is a good sign; one at the very end is present in a very small amount.
This article is general guidance, not medical advice. If you have a skin condition or a reaction to a product, please consult a dermatologist or pharmacist.
